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The Bermuda Triangle Of Economics

Saturday, 18 May 2013 18:30
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Excerpted from Jacob Steen’s Chronicle blog at Tradingfloor.com,

The mystique of the Bermuda Triangle has caught the imagination and interest of generations. In much the same way it has also caught my attention and I feel that now there is a Bermuda Triangle of economics – a space where everything tends to disappear without radar contact, a black hole in which rationality and science is replaced by hope, superstition and nonsense pundits like myself pretending to understand the real drivers of the economy.

(Read more…)

The Bermuda Triangle in real life runs from Bermuda to Puerto Rico to Miami. The economic one runs from high stock market valuations to high unemployment to low growth/productivity. Just like the real Bermuda Triangle, in the Bermuda Triangle of economics there is plenty of scientific evidence that can explain most, if not everything, of what is going on. But that does not suit Hollywood, sorry, the US Federal Reserve.

Neither does it suit mainstream banking analysis or the media in dealing with reality and facts: the mystique simply sells better! After all, there is a reason why people leave science education for PhDs in apps and virtual reality.

There is a myth that the sunken Atlantis could be in the middle of this triangle. It has been renamed Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) to make it suit the black hole’s main premise of ensuring there is a fancy name for what is essentially the same economic recipe: print and spend money, then wait and pray for better weather.

The economic Bermuda Triangle, or EBT, is getting harder and harder to justify – if for nothing else because the constant reminders of crisis keep us all defensive and non-committed to investing beyond the next quarter. We all naively think we can exit the “risk-on” trade before anyone else. A less cynical person than me could think that some things in life need to be experienced – not talked about.

Where to from here?
A long time ago, policymakers entered a one-way street where reversing is, if not illegal, then impossible. Enough though about the polices. What is more important is what is next?

If a political scientist should create a simple model for how this Bermuda Triangle works, the first action point would be to test the premise of the policy. No theory is better than its premise – clearly.

The Federal Reserve version of the premise is to create a positive wealth effect that ultimately leads to better sentiment and investment. The barometer of success is the stock market, but does the stock market really correlate to wealth? Clearly the stock market has been on a tear, but is everyone, including the average Joe, benefitting? Clearly not. Ownership of stocks is almost exclusively for the top 10 percent of the population. Social divide is much higher today than it was before the crisis.

In Japan, they are more open – they simply want to create a bubble. I repeat, a bubble. That is interesting when policymakers for years have said it is impossible to figure out when there is a bubble! I guess – proactively wanting a bubble makes it more transparent? Confused? Certainly I am, but then again Abenomics is “double Dutch” to me anyway.

So the premise does not hold, but how will the policymakers deal with failure? Change course? Never! It would be worse than blasphemy! A one-way street means cars can only go one way – not in reverse. Optionality is for democracies and capitalistic systems, not for a time of crisis. In times of crisis, we need the foresight of our great supreme leaders, sorry, politicians and central bankers, to guide us. Their divine insight will lead us safely ashore to the beaches of Lalaland, where the sun always shines.

No, the response is to do more. Take the Bank of Japan’s quantitative easing (QE) infinite released on April 4. One month into the experiment and Japanese Government Bond (JGB) yields are higher, not lower.

JGB Yield - Saxo Bank

The yield curve is steeper, inflation expectations are flat but the Nikkei and USDJPY are higher. A success? Yes, except in the one area you wanted to impact: the yield and the yield curve!

The other part is that for this to work, the stock market needs to keep outpacing the fall in JGBs. The Government Pension Fund manages more than USD 1 trillion. Its allocation? Sixty-five percent in JGBs and less than 11 percent in stocks. Hence, the present scoreboard would read:

USD 650 billion x (146.50 – 143.50) = 2% = - USD 13bn. USD 110bn x 40% = USD 48bn. A net gain of USD 35bn but…

What if the Nikkei comes off 10 percent – then USD 48bn becomes USD 37bn and the new equilibrium price of 138.50 is only five figures away.

JGB continues

A price point that will make Japan less well off, not better, plus it would have increased the funding price of the 240 percent debt-to-GDP ratio. Some strong macro fund managers think that a collapse in Japan is less than 12 to 18 months away, among them Mr. Kyle Bass stands out. Maybe Japan should be careful about what it wants. My conclusion on Japan is:

1. The Japan scenario is neither black nor white, but a continuous gradual process. Japan is notoriously slow in changing its political process and ultimately nothing will have changed materially one year from now. Yes, the Nikkei could be the start of a secular bull market as Stanley Druckenmiller recently said in New York, but it is already up 60 percent from the low. And with China and Europe slowing, it is likely to see a major correction and probably soon.

2. The unintended consequence of QE Infinite in Japan is so far (as shown above) a higher yield – even higher than the recent rise in US rates – USDJPY becomes vulnerable for a major correction down to 95/96.

3. Japan will not go bankrupt inside 12 months or even 12 years, but the hope of a recovery will wane and soon. Watch how the Upper House election in the Diet in July becomes the final destination for Abenomics. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe needs to secure 63 and 100 new seats; 63 seats to maintain momentum behind his economic policy and 100 to secure the majority to change the constitution.

Delivering “cheap money” is the easy part of his three pillar strategy, which got him elected. Using stimulus correctly and working on the supply side of the economy will be impossible due to structure, lack of immigration, health care and ageing costs. I wish Japan well, but nothing will be saved by using the economic Bermuda Triangle. Of all countries, Japan should know – it invented the economic version of it!

Another key event will be the German election.

In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel will win the battle (the election), but will probably lose the war: she needs to step up. Europe expects it. The market wants it. The problem is, she can’t afford it.

Bailing-in will mean a loss of rating for Germany, while staying austere will cost exports and long-term growth. Which scenario to choose? I personally think she will fail – fail to reconcile. She is already short of a Chancellor’s majority and after the election, the Greens and SPD will hold her hostage. Staying in power will mean giving in. Simply.

That, however, will be the end of the honeymoon for Europe. Germany cannot save Europe. Each country in Europe needs to realise that its recovery comes from its own political willingness to reform and eat reality pills. Europe is destined to repeat the history of Japan, unless an even more severe crisis makes us wake-up.

This means we see the July to October period as a very important time frame for this experiment. We firmly believe the German election will be the game changer, but we could get a surprise in July unless Mr Abe gets JGB yields under control.

Policy conclusion

The Federal Reserve is testing the waters with its “tapering”, but Fed chief Ben Bernanke is financing the budget deficits via his QE. Hence, he will continue less aggressively, but QE is not ending.

The Bank of England gets a new boss in July. This will kick-start American-style policies, which sits right in the middle of the economic Bermuda Triangle, with GBP being the main casualty.

The Bank of Japan will soon correct its maturity in buying – buying longer and deeper – as the July election looms.

The European Central Bank is close, very close to doing something that smells and feels like QE. Selling the sick man of Europe – France – makes a lot of sense here.

Strategy

We are entering the realisation part of this global slowdown. Unlike three months ago, policymakers now realise that growth is not coming back in six months’ time as they all love to estimate at their press conferences. So over the summer, the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, Bank of Japan, International Monetary Fund and European Central Bank will all go back to their drawing boards and… do more of the same.

Citigroup G-10 Economic Surprise Index

The policy is not wrong; clearly, it is only the amplitude of it. I agree with Jeff Gundlach, who believes QE is here to stay for a long, long time, but also that the only thing that will get us out of this funk is innovation and reality. How do I reconcile this?

By allowing the 70 percent likelihood for Extend-and-Pretend Season 4 through to the July to October period (German and Japanese elections), which will lead us to Japanisation (dis-inflation, no growth and productivity plus an ageing population).

Mad Men

There is a 30 percent chance of failing before July – failing as in the market collapsing or social tensions rising, governments falling and the financial system under pressure.

We are due for a new crisis. We have governments and central banks proactively pursuing bubbles. Hence, the probability of bursting one of those bubbles will need to have risen by the same magnitude as the desperate moves of policymakers.

Why Japan Is Bad For The World

Saturday, 18 May 2013 10:00
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Japan continues to be the world’s biggest financial story. The consensus seems to be that the country’s extraordinary economic measures are good for both itself and the world. I’ve detailed previously how Japan’s efforts are likely to have terrible domestic economic consequences, whether they succeed or not. Today, I’m going to explore the latter idea: that Yen depreciation will benefit other countries as they’ll depreciate their own currencies, which will make their economies more competitive too. This idea, put forward by some serious financial commentators, is laughable as it ignores both history and any sense of simple logic. (Read more…) The implications are worth exploring though as competitive currency devaluations have already begun and are likely accelerate from here.

Better figures, but…

First, let’s provide some context by looking at recent events in Japan. Over the past week, Japan released GDP figures for the first quarter of 2013 which showed growth of 0.9% from the previous quarter, versus expectations of a 0.7% rise. Annualised, GDP grew 3.5%, the fastest in a year, and topped a 1% rise in the fourth quarter of last year.

Ironically, Japan 3.5% annualised growth in the first quarter crushed most other developed countries, including the U.S., where there’s supposed to be meaningful recovery going on (it recorded 2.5% growth).

Looking under the hood at Japan’s figure though, the result wasn’t that impressive. That’s because the GDP figure is a real figure, rather than a nominal one. Adjusted for a larger than expected GDP deflator (a measure of domestic prices) of -1.2%, nominal GDP grew 0.4% from the previous quarter, less than analyst expectations of 0.5%.

On the positive side though, private consumption and exports did trend up. Consumption rose 0.9%, as expected, and was up for a second consecutive quarter. This suggests that consumers may be buying into Abenomics (the nickname for the Japanese Prime Minister’s new policies) and willing to spend more. Exports also contributed 0.4% to GDP as they benefited from a 30% decline in the Yen since November last year.

Separate figures gave contradictory signals as to whether Japanese businesses are buying into Abenomics. Machinery orders in March increased 14% from the prior month, or 2.5% from the previous year. This beat expectations for growth of 3.5% and -4.9% respectively. The machinery orders figures ran counter to earlier numbers which showed capital spending for the first quarter declined 0.7%.

All in all, the economic data show mild improvement. Whether there’s a sustained future bounce is the big question. There are two things that will indicate whether Japan’s policies are starting to have a real impact: rising inflation and wages. Both haven’t happened yet and the latter especially is critical to policy success.

Bond yields spike

The other interesting action of the past week has been in Japan’s bond markets. Japanese government bonds (JGBs) have had a spectacular sell-off over the past week. Yields on 10-year JGBs rose by half of its value at one stage. This was despite buying from the Bank of Japan (BoJ) of government bonds ranging from 1 to 10 years to the tune of 1.2 trillion yen (US$12 billion).

The economic bulls argue that rising bond yields mean the economy is starting to normalise and that the Bank of Japan (BoJ) is succeeding in its aim to spur inflation (which will drive yields higher).

The bears suggest that increasing yields are a terrible sign as they mean liquidity in bonds is drying up as the market becomes increasingly controlled by a single buyer, the BoJ.

Either way, the BoJ is now buying 70% of new government debt issuance and that is likely to increase going forward. The government can’t allow bond yields to rise as this will mean interest on government debt rises too. Japan is in an unenviable position on this front as interest on government debt already consumes more than 25% of government revenue. A further sharp rise in bond yields will be a disaster.

While it’s clear that the BoJ can partially control the bond and equity markets (it’s buying stocks too), it has less direct control over the currency market. The yen has had an extraordinary tumble since the new government came to office in December. With more money printing to come, the yen is almost certainly heading much lower though. That’s despite being clearly oversold in the very short-term.

Yen decline is good for Europe?

A conscious decision to devalue the yen may or may not work in Japan (I’ve argued the latter for some time). But a related question is whether that decision is good for countries outside Japan.

I have addressed this question briefly before. But I thought it was worth going into some more detail given the issue has garnered more debate over the past month.

In particular, there’s been an argument gaining traction in serious economic circles that the yen’s decline will be good for other countries as it will force them to print money in order to lower their own currencies and remain economically competitive. This is particularly the case for European exporters, such as Germany, which are being hurt by the rising competitiveness of Japanese exporters due to the lower yen.

U.S. economics professor, Tim Duy, makes the case:

“… this [yen depreciation] is exactly what the global economy needs right now. If Germany and by extension Europe experiences weaker growth, European policymakers will need to respond. And they are not likely to respond by buying Yen to hold its value up. They are likely to respond by stimulating their domestic economy directly via easier monetary policy and, hopefully, easier fiscal policy.

In other words, successful domestically-orientated policy in Japan will have second-round effects that will induce further policy easing [in] Europe. And a good kick in the pants in Europe is exactly what we need right now. Rather than thinking about Japan’s policy as triggering “competitive devaluations”, think of it as triggering “coordinating global easing.”

And an assistant U.S economics professor, David Beckworth, similarly argues:

“The ECB [European Central Bank] may ease to keep the Euro from getting too expensive and in the process shore up European domestic demand. How ironic it would be if Abenomics were to accomplish in the Eurozone that intense human suffering could not: moving the ECB to forcefully act.”

I cannot think of a more preposterous and dangerous idea than that being put forward by these seemingly eminent individuals. Let’s put aside the idea that countries are made stronger by weakening their currencies, which history has refuted time and time again.

No, let’s focus instead on drawing out their argument to its logical conclusion. If Europe abandons austerity (which it has never really pursued) and prints money to significantly weaken its currency, this would start to equalise the competitiveness of the likes of German exporters against Japanese exporters.

In other words, Japan’s exporters are gaining global share at the moment vis-à-vis the Europeans due to its lower currency. These gains would reverse if Europe depreciates its own currency.

Naturally, the Japanese wouldn’t be happy with this at all. They would print more money to accelerate the depreciation of the yen. The Europeans would again retaliate upon losing export share. And so it would go on. Overall, any gains through currency devaluation would be short-lived.

But that’s not the end of it. If you assume that other countries follow Europe in devaluing their own currencies, then the whole world would be after lower currencies. This would be of little benefit to Japan. Put simply, Japan’s policies depend on other countries not following their lead.

It’s not hard to see a currency fight turning more nasty. If Japan can’t gain an advantage from deliberate yen depreciation, it’s likely to try other means. Those other means include increased tariffs and/or trade sanctions. Once this happens, global trade would be hit and everyone would lose.

The above discussion has left aside the real reason for Japan’s currency deprecation: to import inflation. A declining yen makes imports more expensive, thereby potentially inducing higher inflation. That’s what Japan is targeting. I’ll leave this issue for another day though.

When does retaliation begin in earnest?

This brings us to the issue of when the rest of the world will begin to react to Japan’s policies in earnest. Of course, some countries have already reacted. Recently, South Korea and Australia surprised with interest rate cuts. Switzerland and New Zealand have moved directly to cap their currencies. And Thailand and the Philippines are looking to move soon. It’s clear that Japan’s weak yen policies are already having a large impact on other countries.

Other major exporting countries such as Germany and China are clearly worried. Both have expressed concerns about Japan’s policies as their own respective currencies have strengthened considerably, particularly in yen terms.

If you’re like me and expect the yen to continue to decline over the next 12 months, it won’t be long before so-called currency wars start to intensify. And unlike the economic ideologues who think that everyone will win when this happens, I think the reality is likely to prove very different.

This post was originally published at Asia Confidential: http://asiaconf.com/2013/05/17/why-japan-is-bad-for-the-world/

CBO – US Economy Set to Soar On Obamacare?

Saturday, 18 May 2013 07:02
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The Congressional Budget Office put conservative economic thinkers on their ass this week. In this Report (pdf), the CBO concluded that the US budget deficit is about to collapse to insignificance. The improvement in the deficit outlook is so large that it has lead liberal thinkers to start calling for more stimulus spending. If it were not for the three scandals brewing for Obama (Benghazigate, IRSgate and APgate) I think there would be calls to spend some more government money. (Read more…)

The CBO assessment of the deficit profile relies on every trick in the book. The assumption is that all of the variables that weigh on the deficit will be improving over the next few years. Tax collections will remain at historically high levels. Government spending will decline as the economy improves. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will be kicking $95Bn into the coffers. Social Security will cost less than previously thought, the same favorable result is assumed for both Medicare and Medicaid. And of course, there will be no wars or military incursions that have to be paid for. But, by far, the biggest driver of the reduced deficits will come from a robust economic recovery that is set to occur. This is the CBO forecast for top line GDP growth:

Wow! 6.5% growth is coming our way! Don't worry at all about the endless recession in Europe. Don't consider the rapid slowdown in China either. And please don't worry about the fact that the Fed is going to be taking its foot off the gas over the next 24 months – all that won't make any difference. The USA is set for a spurt of growth not seen for years.

What could the CBO be hanging its hat on when making this bold predictions of rapid economic expansion? I wonder if the CBO is relying on Obamacare to provide the big boost. This is the only significant economic development on the horizon. It will change everything when it's finally implemented. It will result in 32 odd million more people having access to healthcare. And when those people do have health insurance, they will be going to Doctors, getting treatments and medicines. And with those visits and related spending, the economy will get a lift – at least that is the thinking.

There is some evidence that Obamacare is going to ratchet up health spending. The New England Journal of Medicine has done a study on the results of an experiment in Oregon. Some 6,000 people were given access to Medicaid for two years. There was a control group of another 5,000 people who did not get access to health insurance. What did those who won the lottery for the free health benefits do? They went to Doctors of course. The study showed that those with insurance were 2Xs more likely to visit a doctor, and would take twice as many prescription drugs. Obamacare will result in an increase in medical diagnostics; the number of MRI's, X-rays, blood test etc. will increase markedly when free health insurance is available. The cost of all these new medical services will add to GDP, and increase employment in healthcare.

The Oregon study showed that healthcare spending rose by $2,750 for those who had access to Medicaid versus the control group. If these results are applied to all of the 32m people who have no insurance today, it would result in an increase in spending of $90Bn – that comes to 5.5% of GDP. While not all of that spending is going to happen, its pretty clear that Obamacare is going to ramp up the economy by a meaningful amount – a 2% net increase in economic activity is possible.

To the extent that Obamacare is measured as a jobs program it may be considered a "success". More medical spending will be the result. The larger question of what it will do for the health profile of Americans is not at all a sure thing. I was surprised by the conclusions drawn by the Oregon study:

This randomized, controlled study showed that Medicaid coverage generated no significant improvements in measured physical health outcomes in the first two years

The reason why overall health results were not improved for those with insurance was interesting. People who have healthcare available to them often adopt risky behavior. For example, those who had health insurance in the Oregon study were much much more likely to smoke. (10% increase over those that did not have health insurance) This conclusion confirms what has been observed in other situations. When people have seat belts, they think they are safe, so they drive faster. It appears that the same holds true on health related matters.

The pessimist in me says that the roll-out of Obamacare is going to be anything but a success. The state insurance exchanges will not be up and running on time. Getting those 32m people to sign up for Medicaid will not happen at the pace that is currently anticipated. Obamacare will not be the economic stimulus that is hoped for, it won't improve the nations health levels by much, and it's going to cost an absolute bundle in the form of increased taxes. My guess is that in 2-3 years most folks in the country are going to hate Obamacare, but it it will be impossible to get rid of by then.

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